Masonry Cleaning and Sealing in Salina

In the Town of Salina, which contains Liverpool village, 22.8 percent of the mapped soil area is classed poorly drained, somewhat poorly drained or very poorly drained, and 16.1 percent is classed well drained. Salina is more made ground than natural soil: about 12.0 percent of the mapped area is water, about 10.9 percent is cut and fill land and about 7.9 percent is urban land, together more than a fifth of the town with no natural drainage class. The largest natural soils are Collamer silt loam at about 4.6 percent, Arkport very fine sandy loam at about 4.3 percent and Lairdsville silt loam at about 3.6 percent, the last of which is hydrologic group D.

Source: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Geographic Database for Onondaga County New York, survey area NY067, queried through the Soil Data Access service, accessed 2026-09-14

The specification treats subsurface drainage as a design item rather than an extra. It states that free-standing water saturating the soil should be removed, that low wet areas can be stabilized with a layer of crushed stone or cement, and that a typical assembly is a 4 inch diameter perforated drainage pipe surrounded by a minimum 3 inch of No. 57 or similar open-graded stone, wrapped in geotextile, set with the top of the stone even with the compacted subgrade and run along the pavement perimeter to remove excess water from the subgrade and base, sloped and directed to outlets. It states that drain pipes are recommended in clay soils or other slow draining soils, and that subgrade drainage extends pavement performance to the extent that the small additional investment is returned many times in additional pavement service years.

Source: Concrete Masonry and Hardscapes Association, PAV-TEC-002, Construction of Interlocking Concrete Pavements, accessed 2026-09-14

There is no state-wide or county-wide frost depth figure in the New York code. Section R301.2 states that additional criteria shall be established by the local jurisdiction and set forth in Table R301.2(1), and the table's own footnote for the frost line depth column reads: the jurisdiction shall fill in the frost line depth column with the minimum depth of footing below finish grade. The column is published blank.

Source: 2020 Residential Code of New York State, Section R301.2 and Table R301.2(1), Climatic and Geographic Design Criteria, via UpCodes, accessed 2026-09-14

The Census Building Permits Survey counts new single-family housing units authorized by each permit-issuing place, which is the closest published proxy for where new masonry is actually being built. Across 2022, 2023 and 2024 combined, Onondaga County municipalities authorized new single-family units as follows: Town of Lysander 178, Town of Clay 89, Town of Camillus 86, Town of Onondaga 83, City of Syracuse 56, Town of Cicero 37, Town of Manlius 34, Town of Skaneateles 23, Town of DeWitt 17, Town of Van Buren 15, Town of Marcellus 14, Marcellus village 13, Town of Geddes 11, Skaneateles village 9, Manlius village 8, Town of Salina 8, Solvay village 4, Baldwinsville village 2, Fayetteville village 2, Liverpool village 1, and Camillus village, East Syracuse village and North Syracuse village 0 each. In 2024 alone the county authorized 323 new single-family units with a combined reported construction value of about 101.3 million dollars.

Source: US Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, annual place-level data for the Northeast Region, 2022, 2023 and 2024, accessed 2026-09-14

Efflorescence needs three things at once. Technical Note 23A states that soluble salts must be present within or in contact with the masonry, that a source of water must be in contact with the salts long enough to dissolve them, and that a pore structure must be present that allows the salt solution to migrate to a surface where the water can evaporate, driven by a temperature or humidity gradient. It adds that the assumption that the brick causes efflorescence is usually incorrect, because the soluble compounds most commonly originate in the materials in contact with the brick, such as mortar, grout, concrete masonry, concrete or soil.

Source: Brick Industry Association, Technical Note 23A, Efflorescence: Causes and Prevention, accessed 2026-09-14

The hardscape equivalent of the same problem has a named failure mode. The sealing guidance lists the conditions under which a sealer or liquid stabilizer will whiten on a paver surface: the surface and joints are not dry, the pavers have not had an adequate period of exposure to moisture, there is a source of efflorescence under the pavers in the sand, base or soil moving up through the joint sand or the pavers, or the sealer is not breathable, meaning it does not allow moisture to move through to the surface of the paver and evaporate. It adds that if the base under the pavers drains poorly, the sealer is applied to saturated joint sand, or it is applied too thick, the sealer can become cloudy and diminish the appearance of the pavers, and in that situation the sealer must be removed or re-dissolved.

Source: Concrete Masonry and Hardscapes Association, PAV-TEC-005, Cleaning, Sealing and Joint Sand Stabilization of Interlocking Concrete Pavement, accessed 2026-09-14

Sealing is a recurring appearance choice, not a one-time structural upgrade. The guidance states that sealers are applied to add further protection from stains, oils, dirt or water, that most sealers change the appearance of the paver surface by darkening it and enhancing the surface color, and that sealers normally require reapplication after a period of wear and weather, with the interval depending on use, climate and the quality of the sealer. It separately notes that joint sand stabilizers and sealers are two distinct products with overlapping functions, the stabilizer's primary job being to keep joint sand in place against flowing water, wind, aggressive cleaning, tire action and the intrusion of organic matter, seeds and insects.

Source: Concrete Masonry and Hardscapes Association, PAV-TEC-005, Cleaning, Sealing and Joint Sand Stabilization of Interlocking Concrete Pavement, accessed 2026-09-14

A sealer can make the problem worse in a specific, documented way. Technical Note 23A states that applying a coating to brickwork that has a tendency to effloresce, without stopping the mechanisms causing that efflorescence, may lead to degradation of the masonry, and that applying a coating that inhibits evaporation may also lead to degradation. As water and dissolved salts travel toward a coated surface they may be stopped at the inner margin of the coating, usually 1/8 to 1/4 inch below the surface, where the water evaporates through the treated zone as vapor and the salts crystallize inside the masonry. That is called cryptoflorescence or subflorescence, and the Technical Note states these salts can develop tremendous pressures which may result in brick spalling. For that reason, coatings are not recommended as the sole treatment for efflorescence problems.

Source: Brick Industry Association, Technical Note 23A, Efflorescence: Causes and Prevention, accessed 2026-09-14

Masonry should not be cleaned during freezing weather or when freezing weather is expected, because most cleaning methods saturate the wall with water and that water can freeze on or inside the masonry and damage it. Technical Note 1 recommends that water-based cleaning methods be used only if the ambient temperature will be 40 degrees Fahrenheit or above and will remain so until the brickwork is dry.

Source: Brick Industry Association, Technical Note 1, Hot and Cold Weather Construction, accessed 2026-09-14